IMPT_results
methods
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results
forestplot
Study Characteristics
| author (year) | cohort name | study sample size | cohort sample size (pre) | cohort sample size (post) | cohort sample size (final follow-up) | attrition rate post intervention | attrition rate at final follow-up | nationality | % females | mean age (sd) | patient group | minimum pain duration | mean pain duration in months | pain_duration_sd |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abbasi (2012) a | Spouse Assisted Multidisciplinary pain management program | 36 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 10.00 | 10.00 | Iran | 88.00 | 45 (10) | age: 18-70, married, longer than 6 months with low back pain | 6 months | 74 (median) | NA |
| Abbasi (2012) b | Patient-oriented multidisciplinary pain management program | NA | 12 | 12 | 10 | 0.00 | 16.67 | NA | NA | NA (NA) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Beaudreuil (2010) a | Functional restoration program | 39 | 39 | 39 | 39 | 0.00 | 0.00 | France | 28.00 | 42.9 (8.2) | Low back pain | 3 | 28.6 | 32 |
| Bendix (1998) a | Functional restoration (A) | 238 | 55 | 47 | 44 | 14.55 | 20.00 | Denmark | 67.40 | 42 (NA) | chronic low back pain | 6 months | NA | NA |
| Bendix (1998) b | Functional restoration (B) | NA | 46 | 41 | 37 | 10.87 | 19.57 | NA | 70.27 | 41 (NA) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Bendix (2000) a | Functional Restoration | 138 | 59 | 51 | 48 | 13.56 | 18.64 | Denmark | 66.10 | 42.1 (NA) | Precarious work situation because of low back pain (e.g. in danger of losing their job). Chronic low back pain. | NA | ? | NA |
| Bergstrom (2014) a | Multimodal rehabilitation | 43 | 43 | 39 | 34 | 9.30 | 20.93 | Sweden | 80.00 | 41 (NA) | Disabling chronic pain | 6 | NA | NA |
| Bileviciute-Ljungar (2014) a | rehabilitation cohort (1998) | 88 | NA | NA | 19 | NA | NA | Sweden | 84.00 | 43.2 (2.1) | persistent musculoskeletal pain | NA | NA | NA |
| Bilveviciute-Ljungar (2014) b | Rehabilitation (2003) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 89.47 | 39.5 (1.9) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Borys (2015) a | multimodal therapy | 155 | 155 | 155 | 63 | 0.00 | 59.35 | Germany | 55.60 | 58.3 (10.4) | chronic low back pain as predominant condition; indication for attending MMT; sufficient understanding of German language | 3 months | 217.2 | 172.8 |
| Brendbekken (2016) a | Multidisciplinary intervention | 284 | 141 | 137 | 85 | 2.84 | 39.72 | Norway | 53.90 | 41.3 (NA) | musculoskeletal pain | NA | NA | NA |
| Cardosa (2012) a | MENANG program | 102 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 0.00 | 0.00 | Malaysia | 64.30 | 42.87 (9.87) | chronic pain | 3 months | 66.81 | 65.37 |
| De Rooij (2014) a | Multidisciplinary treatment programme | 138 | 133 | NA | 114 | NA | 14.29 | Netherlands | 95.00 | 45.04 (10.3) | Chronic widespread pain | NA | 84 | NA |
| Dysvik (2013) a | Multidisciplinary pain management programme | 117 | 117 | 104 | 95 | 11.11 | 18.80 | Norway | 79.00 | 45 (11.25) | chronic non-malignant pain | 6 months | 89.9 | NA |
| Frost (2000) a | functional restoration | 129 | 123 | 121 | 97 | 1.63 | 21.14 | United Kingdom | 45.00 | 43 (9) | constant pain | 12 months | NA | NA |
| Gantschnigg (2017) a | BAI-REHA | 30 | 24 | 23 | 24 | 4.17 | 0.00 | Swiss | 43.00 | 44.83 (12.57) | ICD-10 diagnosis of chronic musculoskeletal pain | NA | NA | NA |
| Grahn (2000) a | Multidisciplinary rehabilitation | 236 | 122 | NA | 113 | NA | 7.38 | Sweden | 82.00 | 44.3 (9.1) | • Prolonged musculoskeletal disease as main diagnosis | NA | 68.4 | 73.2 |
| Gustafsson (2002) a | multimodal, multidisiciplinary outpatient rehabilitation programme | 23 | 23 | 22 | 17 | 4.35 | 26.09 | Sweden | 100.00 | 43.8 (10.7) | Fibromyalgia or widespread chronic pain | NA | 13.2 (years) | 9.8 (years) |
| Hafenbrack (2013) a | Berlin | 681 | 560 | 544 | 242 | 2.86 | 56.79 | Germany | 49.20 | 45.54 (9.42) | back pain | NA | NA | NA |
| Hafenbrack (2013) b | Hamburg | NA | 157 | 152 | 68 | 3.18 | 56.69 | NA | NA | NA (NA) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Haiduk (2017) a | Zurzacher Interdisziplinäres HWS Konzept (ZIHKo) | 115 | 115 | NA | 59 | NA | 48.70 | Switzerland | 83.10 | 40.3 (12.3) | chronic neck pain | 3 months | 17.2 | 23.6 |
| Hallstam (2016) a | Multimodal rehabilitation | 42 | 42 | NA | 29 | NA | 30.95 | Sweden | 90.50 | 43.6 (15.7) | complex pain problems | NA |
25 months pain (83% of the cohort) |
NA |
| Hazard (1988) a | Functional restoration | 64 | 59 | 58 | 37 | 1.69 | 37.29 | USA | 36.00 | 37 (4.3) | Low back pain | 4 months | NA | NA |
| Heikkilä (1998) a | Multidisciplinary pain rehabilitation program | 73 | 73 | 65 | 56 | 10.96 | 23.29 | Sweden | 64.38 | 36.5 (NA) | Whiplash trauma and other myofascial pain | NA | Mean sick leave in the 2-years before: 331 days (range 0-730) | NA |
| Jensen (1997) a | multimodal cognitive behavioral treatment only (regular intervention) | 63 | 30 | 28 | 25 | 6.67 | 16.67 | Sweden | 100.00 | 43 (9) | nonspecific spinal pain without neurological signs | NA | 51 | 68 |
| jensen (1997) b | Multimodal cognitive behavioral treatment (experimental program) | NA | 33 | 31 | 29 | 6.06 | 12.12 | NA | 100.00 | 45 (8) | NA | NA | 44 | 66 |
| Kääpä (2006) a | Multidisciplinary rehabilitation program | 64 | 64 | 59 | 49 | 7.81 | 23.44 | Finland | 100.00 | 46 (7.9) | Low back pain | 1 year | 16 | 25 |
| Koopman (2004) a | Multidisciplinary Occupational Training Program | 68 | 68 | 64 | 51 | 5.88 | 25.00 | Netherlands | 47.10 | NA (41.2) | Low back pain | 6 | 72 | 96.78 |
| Lemstra (2005) a | Multidisciplinary rehabilitation | 43 | 43 | 36 | 35 | 16.28 | 18.60 | Canada | 86.00 | 49.7 (9.57) | Chronic widespread pain | 6 | 121.7 | 128.36 |
| Mangels (2009) a | Behavioral-medical rehabilitation | 363 | 113 | 113 | 106 | 0.00 | 6.19 | Germany | 78.80 | 49.5 (9) | Musculoskeletal pain | NA | NA | NA |
| Mangels (2009) b | Behavioral-medical rehabilitation+booster | NA | 119 | 119 | 111 | 0.00 | 6.72 | NA | 75.60 | 48.3 (15.8) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Martin (2012) a | PSYMEPHY | 180 | 120 | 108 | 93 | 10.00 | 22.50 | Spain | 93.46 | 49.07 (8.92) | Fibromyalgia | 6 months | 174.22 | 119.52 |
| McAllister (2005) a | Multidisciplinary chronic pain program | 276 | 276 | 219 | 99 | 20.65 | 64.13 | United States | 66.30 | 44.7 (9.7) | chronic non-malignant pain | 6 | NA | NA |
| Merrick (2009) a | Interdisciplinary rehabilitation | 255 | 168 | 165 | 167 | 1.79 | 0.60 | Sweden | 79.00 | 39 (NA) | Disabling chronic pain | 6 | 43 (median) | NA |
| Monticone (2013) a | Multidisciplinary intervention | 90 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 0.00 | 0.00 | Italy | 60.00 | 48.96 (7.97) | chronic non-specific low back pain | 3 months | 22.15 | 11.9 |
| Monticone (2016) a | multidisciplinary cognitive behavioural rehabilitation programme | 150 | 75 | 74 | 65 | 1.33 | 13.33 | Italy | 62.67 | 53.2 (11.1) | non-specific low back pain | 3 months | 21.7 | 15 |
| Olason (2004) a | interdisciplinary pain management program | 158 | 158 | 120 | NA | 24.05 | NA | Iceland | 70.90 | 39.5 (NA) | Chronic pain | NA | 67% > 24 maanden, 49.3% more than 5 years | NA |
| Persson (2012) a | musculoskeletal interdisciplinary pain rehabilitation program | 509 | 509 | NA | 509 | NA | 0.00 | Sweden | 79.00 | 40 (9.6) | musculoskeletal pain | NA | 49.2 | 54.24 |
| Reck (2017) a | Interdisciplinary multimodal pain therapy | 71 | 69 | NA | 41 | NA | 40.58 | Switzerland | 54.00 | 43.59 (11.84) | chronic non-specific low back pain | NA | 44.4% more than 5 years | NA |
| Richardson (1994) a | pain management course | 109 | 109 | 99 | 109 | 9.17 | 0.00 | United Kingdom | 68.00 | 45 (10) | chronic pain | • referred from pain clinics; GPs, hospital specialists | 128 | 114 |
| Roche (2011) a | Functional Restoration | 132 | 68 | NA | 64 | NA | 5.88 | France | 32.40 | 40.8 (7.4) | non-specific LBP | 3 | NA | NA |
| Semrau (2014) a | PASTOR | 554 | 280 | 266 | 193 | 5.00 | 31.07 | Germany | 54.10 | 48.9 (8) | low back pain | 3 | NA | NA |
| Silvemark (2014) a | Pain rehabilitation programme | 164 | 154 | 133 | 68 | 13.64 | 55.84 | Sweden | 69.50 | 37.4 (9.07) | long-term non-malignant pain | NA | 68.4 | 21.9 |
| Smeets (2008) a | Graded activity with problem solving training | 223 | 58 | 55 | 52 | 5.17 | 10.34 | Netherlands | 58.60 | 42.52 (9.67) | non-specific low-back pain | 3 | 68.33 | 74.21 |
| smeets (2008) b | combination treatment | NA | 61 | 55 | 53 | 9.84 | 13.11 | NA | 37.70 | 40.67 (10.14) | NA | NA | 56.13 | 67.5 |
| spinhoven (2004) a | merged cohorts: operant-behavioral treatment + coping or group discussion (OPCO/OPDI) | 148 | 117 | 103 | 90 | 11.97 | 23.08 | Netherlands | 63.50 | 39.8 (9.1) | Low back pain | 6 | 117.6 | 104.4 |
| Stein (2013) a | Multidisciplinary rehabilitation | 169 | 59 | 59 | 51 | 0.00 | 13.56 | Sweden | 86.00 | 48 (7.8) | chronic non-cancer pain | 3 | NA | 135.4 |
| Tavafian (2011) NA | Group-based multidisciplinary rehabilitation program | 197 | 97 | 93 | 69 | 4.12 | 28.87 | Iran | 73.20 | 44.6 (10.2) | chronic low back pain | 3 months | 75.9 | 71.4 |
| Thieme (2003) a | Operant pain therapy | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 0.00 | 0.00 | Germany | 100.00 | 46.61 (8.67) | Fibromyalgia | ACR criteria | 17.05 years | 7.12 years |
| Van der Maas (2015) a | pain rehabilitation | 114 | 57 | 33 | 26 | 42.11 | 54.39 | Netherlands | 71.10 | 45.4 (11.1) | chronic musculoskeletal pain | NA | NA | NA |
| Van der Maas (2015) b | Rehabilitation treatment + body awareness | NA | 49 | 45 | 23 | 8.16 | 53.06 | NA | 91.80 | 38.6 (11.1) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| van Eijk-Hustings (2013) a | Multidisciplinary treatment | 203 | 108 | 67 | 67 | 37.96 | 37.96 | Netherlands | 93.51 | 41.49 (9.64) | fibromyalgia | 3 months | 82.08 | 75.84 |
| van Hooff (2010) a | Pain management programme | 107 | 107 | 82 | 82 | 23.36 | 23.36 | Netherlands | 57.00 | 44.1 (8.4) | Low back pain | 6 | 12.3 (years) | 10.9 (years) |
| van Wilgen (2009) a | Inpatient multidisciplinary CBT programme | 32 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 0.00 | 0.00 | Netherlands | 73.00 | 42 (11) | chronic pain | 12 months | 96 | 84 |
| Vendrig (2000) a | Multidisciplinary behavioural program for chronic pain | 147 | 143 | NA | 130 | NA | 9.09 | Netherlands | 31.00 | 41.6 (8.5) | chronic low back pain; treated in 1996; aim to return to work | NA | 46.3 | NA |
| Verkerk (2011) a | Functional recovery | 1760 | 1760 | 1696 | 965 | 3.64 | 45.17 | Netherlands | 74.26 | 40.1 (10.6) | chronic non-specific low back pain | 3 | 92.4 | 105.6 |
| Westman (2009) a | early multimodal rehabilitation | 91 | 91 | NA | 72 | NA | 20.88 | Sweden | 70.00 | 41.5 (NA) | Musculoskeletal pain and disability | NA | Duration of sick leave period before program in months: 2 | 0.9 |
| author (year) | treatment aim | treatment modalities | healthcare providers | type of treatment | follow-up sessions | time span (weeks) | duration | tailoring |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abbasi (2012) a | General aim of treatment: General aim of treatment programs: improving patients’ pain management skills, physical capacities and psychological functioning. Specific aim of Spouse assistance: spousal response to the development and maintenance of chronic pain and the need to involve partners in treatment efforts are increasingly being acknowledged as important elements to address through treatment | education, (cognitive) behavioral therapy, relaxation, pain management skills, Other | Physician (rehabilitation, occupational, general), psychologist (clinical psychologist, behavioral therapist), physiotherapist (physical therapist), other |
outpatient Mixed (6) face-to-face pain clinic |
NA | 7 | 1445m | NA |
| Abbasi (2012) b | NA | education, (cognitive) behavioral therapy, relaxation, pain management skills, Other | Physician (rehabilitation, occupational, general), psychologist (clinical psychologist, behavioral therapist), physiotherapist (physical therapist), other |
NA Mixed face-to-face pain clinic |
NA | 7 | 1550m | NA |
| Beaudreuil (2010) a | na; General aim of treatment programs: Functional restoration therapy (FRT) is an intensive multidisciplinary approach to the management of incapacitating low back pain to improve overall disability and work ability. | exercise, relaxation, Other | Physician (rehabilitation, occupational, general), physiotherapist (physical therapist), occupational therapist (ergo therapist), social worker (counsellor), other |
outpatient Group (2-6) face-to-face hospital |
NA | 5 | 13730m | Low |
| Bendix (1998) a | to restore the patients’ physical, psychosocial, and socioeconomic situation by focusing on active functioning. | education, exercise, (cognitive) behavioral therapy, relaxation, Other | Physician (rehabilitation, occupational, general), psychologist (clinical psychologist, behavioral therapist), physiotherapist (physical therapist), occupational therapist (ergo therapist), social worker (counsellor, advisor), other |
outpatient Group (6-8) face-to-face pain clinic |
NA | 3 | 135 | NA |
| Bendix (1998) b | NA | NA | NA |
NA NA NA NA |
NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Bendix (2000) a | Focused on self-responsibility, activity and a multidisciplinary approach. | education, exercise, relaxation, pain management skills, Other | Physician (rehabilitation, occupational, general), psychologist (clinical psychologist, behavioral therapist), physiotherapist (physical therapist), occupational therapist (ergo therapist) |
outpatient Group face-to-face hospital |
NA | 3 | 117 | NA |
| Bergstrom (2014) a | General arm: to attain a higher level of body awareness and perceived health. Main goal: decreased sick leave and rtw. | education, exercise, relaxation, pain management skills, body awareness therapy, team meetings, Other | Physician (rehabilitation, occupational, general), psychologist (clinical psychologist, behavioral therapist), physiotherapist (physical therapist), occupational therapist (ergo therapist), social worker (counsellor, advisor) |
outpatient Group (10-12) face-to-face hospital |
NA | 5 | NA | Low |
| Bileviciute-Ljungar (2014) a | higher level of activity, rtw, pain reduction. | education, exercise, pain management skills, workplace advice, Other | Physician (rehabilitation, occupational, general), psychologist (clinical psychologist, behavioral therapist), physiotherapist (physical therapist), occupational therapist (ergo therapist), social worker (counsellor, advisor), nurse, other |
outpatient Mixed (8) face-to-face hospital |
NA | 8 | 143 | Low |
| Bilveviciute-Ljungar (2014) b | NA | NA | NA |
NA NA NA NA |
NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Borys (2015) a | To improve functional capacity, reduce pain intensity, improve emotional functioning and well-being, and increase knowledge of bps pain mechanisms and pain related coping strategies. | education, exercise, (cognitive) behavioral therapy, pharmacological treatment, body awareness therapy, team meetings | Physician (rehabilitation, occupational, general), psychologist (clinical psychologist, behavioral therapist), physiotherapist (physical therapist), social worker (counsellor) |
inpatient Mixed face-to-face hospital |
NA | 3 | 168 | Low |
| Brendbekken (2016) a | The application of ISIVET in assessment of health complaints can facilitate patient empowerment and SDM. This may lead to improvements of patient satisfaction, adherence to treatment and better health outcomes. | exercise, pain management skills, team meetings | Physician (rehabilitation, occupational, general), physiotherapist (physical therapist), social worker (counsellor, advisor) |
outpatient Individual face-to-face, coaching by telephone hospital |
at 12 months f/u: phone contact to use the ISIVET for the last time. | NA | 815m | Low |
| Cardosa (2012) a | aimed at improving daily functional activities and general psychological well-being and pain re-conceptualisation (as chronic but not harmful). | education, exercise, (cognitive) behavioral therapy, relaxation, pain management skills, Other | Physician (rehabilitation, occupational, general), psychologist (clinical psychologist, behavioral therapist), physiotherapist (physical therapist), nurse, other |
inpatient Group face-to-face hospital |
NA | 2 | 60 | NA |
| De Rooij (2014) a | to teach patients to cope with pain and to reduce the interference of pain in their daily lives. | education, exercise, (cognitive) behavioral therapy, relaxation, pain management skills, Other | Physician (rehabilitation, occupational, general), psychologist (clinical psychologist, behavioral therapist), physiotherapist (physical therapist), occupational therapist (ergo therapist), social worker (counsellor) |
outpatient Mixed face-to-face treatment/rehabilitation center |
|
7 | 49 | High |
| Dysvik (2013) a | To improve physiological consequences that may worsen pain; shift focus from pain and disability towards effective coping. | education, exercise, pain management skills, body awareness therapy, Other | Physician (rehabilitation, occupational, general), psychologist (clinical psychologist, behavioral therapist), physiotherapist (physical therapist), nurse, other |
outpatient Group (8-12) face-to-face, coaching by telephone hospital |
• 2 follow-up sessions (6m and 12m): focus on exercise and education on nutrition and pain, challenges and future plans. Homework on nutrition and health improvements/, thinking on how to continue. 12m was telephone sessions. | 8 | 45 | Low |
| Frost (2000) a | to decrease functional disability, increase the patients’ confidence in their ability to carry out normal activities of daily living despite pain, improve general health and psychological status, and increase physical endurance. | education, exercise, Other | Physician (rehabilitation, occupational, general), psychologist (clinical psychologist, behavioral therapist), physiotherapist (physical therapist) |
outpatient Group (maximum of 5) face-to-face, coaching by telephone NA |
4 full day follow-up sessions , to monitor and maintain progress in exercises, discuss changes in their lifestyle, and any problems that might have arisen | 3 | 9730m | Low |
| Gantschnigg (2017) a | Acquire fundamental information about pain (phase 1); learn skills and strategies to cope with pain and increase activity (phase 1,2,3); apply competences in daily life and increase work participation (phase 3). | education, exercise, (cognitive) behavioral therapy, relaxation, pain management skills, body awareness therapy, workplace advice | Physician (rehabilitation, occupational, general), psychologist (clinical psychologist, behavioral therapist), physiotherapist (physical therapist), occupational therapist (ergo therapist), social worker (counsellor), nurse |
inpatient and outpatient combined Mixed face-to-face hospital |
NA | 12 | 108 | Medium |
| Grahn (2000) a | To help patients return to an active, self-reliant life and to facilitate their return to work. Program was based on whole-person perspective with a bio-psycho-social theoretical approach focusing on BAT and cognitivie and relaxation treatment. | education, exercise, (cognitive) behavioral therapy, relaxation, pain management skills, body awareness therapy, workplace advice, Other | Physician (rehabilitation, occupational, general), physiotherapist (physical therapist), occupational therapist (ergo therapist), nurse, other |
inpatient Mixed face-to-face treatment/rehabilitation center |
at least 3 follow-up meetings (3m 6m 12m), where the patient obtained further advice from the team | 4 | 120 | High |
| Gustafsson (2002) a | provide knowledge of FMS and to see pain in a more understandable context; enable participants to cope with pain and related symptoms. | education, exercise, relaxation, body awareness therapy, Other | Physician (rehabilitation, occupational, general), psychologist (clinical psychologist, behavioral therapist), social worker (counsellor, advisor), nurse |
outpatient Mixed (7-8) face-to-face hospital |
3 day follow-up meeting at 3months. | 12 | 96 | Low |
| Hafenbrack (2013) a | Restoration of objective and subjective functional capacity, return to work | education, exercise, relaxation, pain management skills, pharmacological treatment, workplace advice | Physician (rehabilitation, occupational, general), psychologist (clinical psychologist, behavioral therapist), physiotherapist (physical therapist) |
outpatient Group face-to-face pain clinic |
NA | 4 | 120 | NA |
| Hafenbrack (2013) b | NA | NA | NA |
NA NA NA NA |
NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Haiduk (2017) a | The therapy programme is based on a biopsychosocial model, the concept of salutogenesis, and the integration of various psychotherapeutic concepts and methods. aims to stop the process of pain chronification, to increase resilience, to correct and improve maladaptive coping behaviour, and to improve health-related quality of life. | exercise, (cognitive) behavioral therapy, relaxation, pain management skills | Physician (rehabilitation, occupational, general), psychologist (clinical psychologist, behavioral therapist), physiotherapist (physical therapist), occupational therapist (ergo therapist), other |
inpatient Mixed face-to-face hospital |
NA | 4 | 108 | Low |
| Hallstam (2016) a | NA | exercise, (cognitive) behavioral therapy, relaxation, pain management skills, Other | Physician (rehabilitation, occupational, general), psychologist (clinical psychologist, behavioral therapist), physiotherapist (physical therapist), nurse |
outpatient Mixed face-to-face hospital |
NA | 13 | 65 | Low |
| Hazard (1988) a | NA | education, exercise, (cognitive) behavioral therapy, relaxation, pain management skills, Other | psychologist (clinical psychologist, behavioral therapist), physiotherapist (physical therapist), occupational therapist (ergo therapist) |
outpatient Mixed face-to-face treatment/rehabilitation center |
NA | 3 | 53 | Low |
| Heikkilä (1998) a | to support the patients’ reorientation towards realistic and rewarding goals and to bring the patients back to work | graded activity, Other | psychologist (clinical psychologist, behavioral therapist), physiotherapist (physical therapist), occupational therapist (ergo therapist), social worker (counsellor, advisor) |
outpatient Individual face-to-face treatment/rehabilitation center |
NA | 6 | NA | Low |
| Jensen (1997) a | Improving pain coping skills in different areas of women’s everyday lives, address sex roles and their influence on our behavior, emphasizing a possible association between pain coping and the traditional female sex role with passivity and helplessness. | education, exercise, (cognitive) behavioral therapy, relaxation, pain management skills, Other | Physician (rehabilitation, occupational, general), psychologist (clinical psychologist, behavioral therapist), physiotherapist (physical therapist), nurse, other |
inpatient Group face-to-face pain clinic |
NA | 5 | NA | Low |
| jensen (1997) b | NA | NA | NA |
NA NA NA NA |
• Follow-up phone calls (by nurse) every 6 weeks, for 6 months. | NA | NA | NA |
| Kääpä (2006) a | The goal of the MR was to restore the physical and occupational condition of the patients, improve their skills to cope with pain, and encourage them to take the responsibility for the management of their back pain. | education, exercise, (cognitive) behavioral therapy, relaxation, pharmacological treatment, workplace advice | Physician (rehabilitation, occupational, general), psychologist (clinical psychologist, behavioral therapist), physiotherapist (physical therapist), occupational therapist (ergo therapist) |
outpatient Mixed (6-8) face-to-face treatment/rehabilitation center |
NA | 8 | 70 | Low |
| Koopman (2004) a | Complete return to work | exercise, graded activity, (cognitive) behavioral therapy, relaxation, Other | Physician (rehabilitation, occupational, general), psychologist (clinical psychologist, behavioral therapist), physiotherapist (physical therapist), other |
outpatient Mixed (6-10) face-to-face treatment/rehabilitation center |
NA | 12 | 216 | Low |
| Lemstra (2005) a | NR (evidence for individual components: The primary components of the intervention were submaximal general exercise, education, lifestyle changes, and self-management. The rationale for patient education, behavioral management, stress management, and physical exercise was based on the conclusions of 3 recent systematic literature reviews. There was no rationale, other than possible patient satisfaction, for the dietary or massage interventions.) | education, exercise, relaxation, pain management skills, Other | Physician (rehabilitation, occupational, general), psychologist (clinical psychologist, behavioral therapist), physiotherapist (physical therapist), other |
outpatient Mixed face-to-face community center |
NA | 6 | 3240m | Low |
| Mangels (2009) a | The specific goal of the pain management group (BMR) was to enhance the pain management skills of the patients. | education, exercise, relaxation, pain management skills, pharmacological treatment, Other | psychologist (clinical psychologist, behavioral therapist), physiotherapist (physical therapist), occupational therapist (ergo therapist) |
inpatient Mixed (10-12) face-to-face hospital |
NA | NA | 16720m | Low |
| Mangels (2009) b | The specific goal of the pain management group (BMR) was to enhance the pain management skills of the patients. | education, exercise, relaxation, pain management skills, pharmacological treatment, Other | psychologist (clinical psychologist, behavioral therapist), physiotherapist (physical therapist), occupational therapist (ergo therapist) |
inpatient Mixed (10-12) face-to-face, coaching by telephone hospital |
Booster: by telephone | NA | 16720m | Low |
| Martin (2012) a | NA | education, exercise, (cognitive) behavioral therapy, relaxation, pain management skills, pharmacological treatment | Physician (rehabilitation, occupational, general), psychologist (clinical psychologist, behavioral therapist), physiotherapist (physical therapist) |
NA Group (12) face-to-face hospital |
NA | 6 | 21 | NA |
| McAllister (2005) a | Reduce opioid use, decrease pain; reduce healthcare utilization | exercise, relaxation, pain management skills, Other | Physician (rehabilitation, occupational, general), physiotherapist (physical therapist), nurse |
inpatient and outpatient combined Group face-to-face NA |
NA | 4 | 80 | NA |
| Merrick (2009) a | NA | education, exercise, (cognitive) behavioral therapy, relaxation, pain management skills, body awareness therapy | Physician (rehabilitation, occupational, general), psychologist (clinical psychologist, behavioral therapist), physiotherapist (physical therapist), occupational therapist (ergo therapist), social worker (counsellor, advisor), other |
outpatient Mixed face-to-face hospital |
NA | 5 | 6630m | Low |
| Monticone (2013) a | CBT: the purpose was to modify fear of movement beliefs, catastrophizing thinking, and negative feelings, and ensuring gradual reactions to illness behaviors. Exercise: The patients underwent a multimodal motor program consisting of active and passive mobilizations of the spine, and exercises aimed at stretching and strengthening muscles, and improving postural control. | education, exercise, (cognitive) behavioral therapy, pain management skills | Physician (rehabilitation, occupational, general), psychologist (clinical psychologist, behavioral therapist), physiotherapist (physical therapist) |
outpatient Individual face-to-face, coaching by telephone treatment/rehabilitation center |
for 1 year: monthly 60 minute CBT sessions + telephone reminders to continue exercise | 5 | 15 | Low |
| Monticone (2016) a | treatment aimed at managing the fear of movement would induce long-term improvements in disability, kinesiophobia, catastrophizing, pain and QoL in subjects with CLBP. | education, exercise, (cognitive) behavioral therapy, relaxation, pain management skills, Other | Physician (rehabilitation, occupational, general), psychologist (clinical psychologist, behavioral therapist), physiotherapist (physical therapist) |
outpatient Group (5) face-to-face treatment/rehabilitation center |
NA | 5 | 15 | NA |
| Olason (2004) a | One of the main emphases of the program was to gradually withdraw all pain relieving drugs. The focus was on increasing the patients’ physical functioning level and enabling them to return to work. | education, exercise, (cognitive) behavioral therapy, relaxation, pain management skills, pharmacological treatment, body awareness therapy, team meetings, Other | Physician (rehabilitation, occupational, general), psychologist (clinical psychologist, behavioral therapist), physiotherapist (physical therapist), occupational therapist (ergo therapist), social worker (counsellor, advisor), nurse, other |
inpatient Mixed face-to-face treatment/rehabilitation center |
NA | 7 | NA | Medium |
| Persson (2012) a | increasing patients’ strategies for pain management, activity level, and participation in society. | education, exercise, (cognitive) behavioral therapy, relaxation, pain management skills, body awareness therapy, workplace advice, team meetings, Other | Physician (rehabilitation, occupational, general), psychologist (clinical psychologist, behavioral therapist), physiotherapist (physical therapist), occupational therapist (ergo therapist), social worker (counsellor, advisor), nurse |
outpatient Group (9) face-to-face hospital |
NA | 5 | 126 | NA |
| Reck (2017) a | to restore subjective and objective physical and psychological functioning | education, exercise, (cognitive) behavioral therapy, relaxation, pain management skills, workplace advice | Physician (rehabilitation, occupational, general), psychologist (clinical psychologist, behavioral therapist), physiotherapist (physical therapist), occupational therapist (ergo therapist) |
outpatient Group face-to-face pain clinic |
NA | 1 | 45 | NA |
| Richardson (1994) a | achieving manageable activity levels on tasks of the patient’s own choosing, and of reducing medication intake and pain behaviours. | education, exercise, graded activity, (cognitive) behavioral therapy, relaxation, pain management skills, Other | psychologist (clinical psychologist, behavioral therapist), physiotherapist (physical therapist), occupational therapist (ergo therapist), nurse, other |
inpatient and outpatient combined Group (5) face-to-face hospital |
NA | NA | 120 | NA |
| Roche (2011) a | the reduction in sick-leave duration achieved by a multidisciplinary program (FRP), based on the bio-psychosocial model, with what could be considered as evidence-based physical treatment in a primary-care environment | exercise, relaxation, workplace advice, team meetings, Other | Physician (rehabilitation, occupational, general), psychologist (clinical psychologist, behavioral therapist), occupational therapist (ergo therapist) |
outpatient Group (6-8) face-to-face treatment/rehabilitation center |
NA | 5 | 150 | Low |
| Semrau (2014) a | The overall objective of PASTOR was the development of active self-management of CLBP through biopsychosocial patient education about low back pain, the introduction of physical activity with an emphasis on promoting positive experiences with exercises and the long-term maintenance of physical activity as well as to promote coping strategies when dealing with CLBP. | education, exercise, relaxation, pain management skills | Physician (rehabilitation, occupational, general), psychologist (clinical psychologist, behavioral therapist), physiotherapist (physical therapist), social worker (counsellor, advisor) |
inpatient Mixed face-to-face treatment/rehabilitation center |
NA | 3 | 48 | Low |
| Silvemark (2014) a | from introduction: Programmes usually have a cognitive behavioural therapy approach, including measures to improve pain behaviour, cognitive restructuring, sleep strategies, stress management, psychosocial training, lifestyle adaptations to pain, pacing, and also physical exercise, ergonomics, body posture and co-ordination, relaxation techniques, Electromyography (EMG)-biofeedback, and strategies to maintain improvements. | education, exercise, (cognitive) behavioral therapy, relaxation, pain management skills, body awareness therapy | Physician (rehabilitation, occupational, general), psychologist (clinical psychologist, behavioral therapist), physiotherapist (physical therapist), occupational therapist (ergo therapist), social worker (counsellor, advisor), nurse |
outpatient Group (6-9) face-to-face hospital |
NA | 5 | 175 | NA |
| Smeets (2008) a | to help patients to identify and cope with the consequences of pain in everyday life than with pain itself. | education, graded activity, (cognitive) behavioral therapy, Other | Physician (rehabilitation, occupational, general), psychologist (clinical psychologist, behavioral therapist), physiotherapist (physical therapist), occupational therapist (ergo therapist), social worker (counsellor, advisor) |
outpatient Group (max 4) face-to-face treatment/rehabilitation center |
NA | 10 | 2330m | Low |
| smeets (2008) b | CT aimed at restoring functional ability through increased fitness, the reinforcement of healthy behaviors and the modification of problem solving abilities. | education, exercise, graded activity, (cognitive) behavioral therapy, Other | Physician (rehabilitation, occupational, general), psychologist (clinical psychologist, behavioral therapist), physiotherapist (physical therapist), occupational therapist (ergo therapist), social worker (counsellor, advisor) |
outpatient Group (max 4) face-to-face treatment/rehabilitation center |
NA | 10 | 77 | Low |
| spinhoven (2004) a | Operant-behavioral treatment aimed at increasing healthy behaviors and decreasing pain behaviors. | education, graded activity, (cognitive) behavioral therapy, pain management skills, Other | psychologist (clinical psychologist, behavioral therapist), physiotherapist (physical therapist), occupational therapist (ergo therapist) |
inpatient and outpatient combined Mixed face-to-face treatment/rehabilitation center |
NA | 8 | 150 | NA |
| Stein (2013) a | The aim of treatment was not to reduce pain but to focus on patients’ quality of life, reduce their drug consumption and maintain or restore their capacity to work | education, exercise, (cognitive) behavioral therapy, relaxation, pain management skills, body awareness therapy, team meetings | Physician (rehabilitation, occupational, general), psychologist (clinical psychologist, behavioral therapist), physiotherapist (physical therapist), occupational therapist (ergo therapist), other |
outpatient Group (6-8) face-to-face primary care unit |
NA | 6 | 90 | NA |
| Tavafian (2011) NA | To improve HRQoL and reduce disability of Iranian patients with CLBP up to 12 months. | education, exercise, (cognitive) behavioral therapy, relaxation, pain management skills, pharmacological treatment, Other | psychologist (clinical psychologist, behavioral therapist), physiotherapist (physical therapist), other |
outpatient Group face-to-face university |
motivational counseling by phone (for 12 months) / monthly booster sessions Discussing beliefs, knowledge and perception regarding LBP. Promoting healthy behaviors, exercising and negating stressors. • Motivational counseling by phone. Encouraged to cope with the stressors actively to achieve successful adaptation. (for 6 months) | 1 | 9 | Low |
| Thieme (2003) a | NA | education, exercise, (cognitive) behavioral therapy, pain management skills | Physician (rehabilitation, occupational, general), psychologist (clinical psychologist, behavioral therapist), physiotherapist (physical therapist), nurse |
inpatient Group (5-7) face-to-face hospital |
NA | 5 | 75 | Low |
| Van der Maas (2015) a | Overall: improve HRQOL, decrease disability and depression. PMT specific: By improving BA, patients learn to recognize body signals other than pain to determine physical and mental states. This will lead to better understanding of bodily information, increasing confidence in body and oneself. increases HRQOL via decreased catastrophizing and increased self-efficacy. | education, exercise, graded activity, (cognitive) behavioral therapy, relaxation, Other | Physician (rehabilitation, occupational, general), psychologist (clinical psychologist, behavioral therapist), physiotherapist (physical therapist), occupational therapist (ergo therapist) |
outpatient Group (4-6) face-to-face treatment/rehabilitation center |
2x 90min follow-up group sessions to evaluate goals, share experiences, explore solutions and reasons for not achieving goals. New goal setting at fu1, when necessary. | 12 | 94 | Low |
| Van der Maas (2015) b | NA | education, exercise, graded activity, (cognitive) behavioral therapy, relaxation, body awareness therapy, Other | Physician (rehabilitation, occupational, general), psychologist (clinical psychologist, behavioral therapist), physiotherapist (physical therapist), occupational therapist (ergo therapist) |
outpatient Group (4-6) face-to-face treatment/rehabilitation center |
2x90min group follow-up sessions to evaluate goals, share experiences, explore solutions and reasons for not achieving goals. New goal setting at fu1, when necessary. | 12 | 109 | Low |
| van Eijk-Hustings (2013) a | to optimise daily functioning through coping with pain and disability. treatment was built around four themes: communication (discover suppressed feelings and emotions); take care of yourself (discover limitations and learn to draw a line); stress, strength, anger and conflict (discover qualities); balance (a new start). | education, exercise, graded activity, (cognitive) behavioral therapy, body awareness therapy, Other | NA |
outpatient Group face-to-face treatment/rehabilitation center |
up to 7 seven sessions, repeat key messages to presevere behavior change. based on patients requirements. | 12 | 126 | Medium |
| van Hooff (2010) a | Increase the ability for self-management and self-efficacy to address the psychological impact of pain. | education, exercise, (cognitive) behavioral therapy, relaxation, pain management skills | psychologist (clinical psychologist, behavioral therapist), physiotherapist (physical therapist), occupational therapist (ergo therapist) |
inpatient Group face-to-face Hotel facility, organized by Sint Maartens kliniek Nijmegen |
NA | 2 | 100 | Low |
| van Wilgen (2009) a | NA | education, exercise, graded activity, (cognitive) behavioral therapy, relaxation, pain management skills, Other | Physician (rehabilitation, occupational, general), psychologist (clinical psychologist, behavioral therapist), physiotherapist (physical therapist) |
inpatient and outpatient combined Mixed face-to-face hospital |
NA | 7 | NA | High |
| Vendrig (2000) a | Return to work | education, exercise, graded activity, pharmacological treatment, workplace advice | psychologist (clinical psychologist, behavioral therapist), physiotherapist (physical therapist), other |
outpatient Group face-to-face treatment/rehabilitation center |
NA | 4 | NA | NA |
| Verkerk (2011) a | from a biopsychosocial perspective, application of behavioural principles to adopt adequate normal behavioural movement aimed at physical recovery. | education, exercise, relaxation, pain management skills, body awareness therapy | Physician (rehabilitation, occupational, general), psychologist (clinical psychologist, behavioral therapist), physiotherapist (physical therapist), other |
outpatient Group (6) face-to-face treatment/rehabilitation center |
• Follow-up session (1): including, evaluation, assessments, training. | 9 | 48 | Low |
| Westman (2009) a | to help patients discover possibilities rather then obstacles when returning to work. | education, exercise, (cognitive) behavioral therapy, relaxation, body awareness therapy, Other | Physician (rehabilitation, occupational, general), psychologist (clinical psychologist, behavioral therapist), physiotherapist (physical therapist), other |
outpatient Group (8-10) face-to-face primary care setting |
NA | 8 | 140 | Low |
## This version of Shiny is designed to work with 'htmlwidgets' >= 1.5.
## Please upgrade via install.packages('htmlwidgets').| author | year | number_of_cohorts | cohort_id | cohort_name | pintens_name_measurement_instrument | pintens_pre_m | pintens_pre_sd | pintens_post_m | pintens_post_sd | pintens_fu1_m | pintens_fu1_sd | pintens_fu2_m | pintens_fu2_sd | pintens_fu3_m | pintens_fu3_sd | measurements_pain_intensity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vendrig | 2000 | 1 | 1 | Multidisciplinary behavioural program for chronic pain | VAS | 45.50 | 20.7 | NA | NA | 26.20 | 25.40 | 23.70 | 22.30 | NA | NA | Yes |
| Abbasi | 2012 | 2 | 1 | Spouse Assisted Multidisciplinary pain management program | VAS (0-10) | 5.00 | 2.7 | 3.00 | 1.80 | 2.80 | 2.70 | NA | NA | NA | NA | Yes |
| Bendix | 2000 | 1 | 1 | Functional Restoration | NPRS | 5.10 | (IQR: 4-7) | NA | NA | 5.10 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | Yes |
| Borys | 2015 | 1 | 1 | multimodal therapy | NRS (0-10) | 6.60 | 2.5 | 5.10 | 2.50 | 5.60 | 2.50 | 6.30 | 2.50 | NA | NA | Yes |
| Beaudreuil | 2010 | 1 | 1 | Functional restoration program | VAS | 49.90 | 15.7 | 48.70 | 23.60 | 40.70 | 27.80 | 44.40 | 23.10 | NA | NA | Yes |
| De Rooij | 2014 | 1 | 1 | Multidisciplinary treatment programme | NRS | 6.08 | 2.08 | NA | NA | 6.08 | 1.89 | 5.81 | 2.33 | NA | NA | Yes |
| Gantschnigg | 2017 | 1 | 1 | BAI-REHA | NRS (0-10) | 4.90 | 2.47 | 5.11 | 2.47 | 5.08 | 2.15 | 4.26 | 2.33 | NA | NA | Yes |
| Grahn | 2000 | 1 | 1 | Multidisciplinary rehabilitation | VAS | 39.60 | 22.8 | NA | NA | 32.00 | 22.80 | NA | NA | NA | NA | Yes |
| Hafenbrack | 2013 | 2 | 1 | Berlin | NRS | 6.70 | 1.7 | 4.70 | 1.90 | 4.80 | 2.10 | 4.60 | 2.10 | NA | NA | Yes |
| Hafenbrack | 2013 | 2 | 2 | Hamburg | NRS | 6.60 | 1.9 | 4.70 | 2.00 | 4.50 | 2.40 | 4.60 | 2.30 | NA | NA | Yes |
| Hallstam | 2016 | 1 | 1 | Multimodal rehabilitation | VAS | 57.74 | 20.4 | NA | NA | 49.56 | 23.90 | NA | NA | NA | NA | Yes |
| Jensen | 1997 | 2 | 1 | multimodal cognitive behavioral treatment only (regular intervention) | VAS | 45.10 | 20.7 | 41.00 | 21.80 | 48.70 | 21.30 | 37.80 | 25.00 | NA | NA | Yes |
| jensen | 1997 | 2 | 2 | Multimodal cognitive behavioral treatment (experimental program) | VAS | 46.80 | 22 | 42.50 | 25.50 | 46.10 | 19.80 | 43.10 | 25.60 | NA | NA | Yes |
| Martin | 2012 | 1 | 1 | PSYMEPHY | NRS | 6.94 | 1.83 | 6.48 | 2.08 | 6.33 | 2.22 | 6.32 | 2.06 | NA | NA | Yes |
| McAllister | 2005 | 1 | 1 | Multidisciplinary chronic pain program | Likert pain intensity | 4.97 | 0.69 | 4.43 | 0.75 | 4.56 | 0.84 | 4.37 | 0.91 | 4.53 | 0.83 | Yes |
| Reck | 2017 | 1 | 1 | Interdisciplinary multimodal pain therapy | NRS | 4.70 | 1.83 | NA | NA | 3.70 | 1.79 | 4.10 | 2.28 | NA | NA | Yes |
| Roche | 2011 | 1 | 1 | Functional Restoration | VAS | 47.00 | 21 | NA | NA | 29.00 | 24.00 | NA | NA | NA | NA | Yes |
| Semrau | 2014 | 1 | 1 | PASTOR | NRS | 5.63 | 1.66 | 3.94 | 1.81 | 4.22 | 1.97 | NA | NA | NA | NA | Yes |
| Silvemark | 2014 | 1 | 1 | Pain rehabilitation programme | MPI: pain severity | 4.32 | 0.79 | 3.87 | 0.99 | 3.60 | 1.12 | NA | NA | NA | NA | Yes |
| Smeets | 2008 | 2 | 1 | Graded activity with problem solving training | VAS | 48.48 | 23.51 | 38.23 | 23.51 | 44.40 | 23.51 | 45.33 | 23.51 | NA | NA | Yes |
| smeets | 2008 | 2 | 2 | combination treatment | VAS | 45.98 | 23.95 | 41.08 | 23.95 | 48.15 | 23.95 | 51.71 | 23.95 | NA | NA | Yes |
| spinhoven | 2004 | 1 | 1 | merged cohorts: operant-behavioral treatment + coping or group discussion (OPCO/OPDI) | PRI | 23.70 | 10 | 21.60 | 11.50 | 24.00 | 12.10 | NA | NA | NA | NA | Yes |
| van Wilgen | 2009 | 1 | 1 | Inpatient multidisciplinary CBT programme | VAS | 52.00 | 34 | 34.00 | 27.00 | 37.00 | 32.00 | 33.00 | 32.00 | NA | NA | Yes |
| Verkerk | 2011 | 1 | 1 | Functional recovery | VAS | 55.50 | 23 | 37.00 | 23.80 | 35.30 | 26.10 | 32.30 | 26.90 | NA | NA | Yes |
| Kääpä | 2006 | 1 | 1 | Multidisciplinary rehabilitation program | NRS | 4.60 | 1.9 | 3.30 | 2.50 | 3.30 | 2.50 | 3.60 | 2.70 | 3.50 | 2.60 | Yes |
| Lemstra | 2005 | 1 | 1 | Multidisciplinary rehabilitation | VAS (0-10) | 7.14 | 1.37 | 6.12 | 1.37 | 6.33 | 1.37 | NA | NA | NA | NA | Yes |
| Gustafsson | 2002 | 1 | 1 | multimodal, multidisiciplinary outpatient rehabilitation programme | VAS | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | Yes |
| Bendix | 1998 | 2 | 1 | Functional restoration (A) | NRS (0-10) | 6.10 | 2.88 | NA | NA | 5.35 | 2.88 | 5.50 | 2.87 | 6.00 | 2.78 | Yes |
| Bendix | 1998 | 2 | 2 | Functional restoration (B) | NRS | 5.00 | 2.31 | NA | NA | 3.35 | 2.31 | 3.75 | 2.60 | 4.00 | 2.60 | Yes |
| Monticone | 2013 | 1 | 1 | Multidisciplinary intervention | NRS (0-10) | 7.02 | 1.07 | 2.69 | 0.97 | 1.38 | 1.07 | 1.47 | 1.10 | NA | NA | Yes |
| Monticone | 2016 | 1 | 1 | multidisciplinary cognitive behavioural rehabilitation programme | NRS (0-10) | 6.40 | 1.7 | 1.40 | 1.20 | 2.40 | 1.50 | 2.80 | 1.00 | NA | NA | Yes |
| Bileviciute-Ljungar | 2014 | 2 | 1 | rehabilitation cohort (1998) | VAS | 57.75 | 25.11 | NA | NA | 43.00 | 28.01 | NA | NA | NA | NA | Yes |
| Bilveviciute-Ljungar | 2014 | 2 | 2 | Rehabilitation (2003) | VAS | 60.25 | 28.85 | NA | NA | 50.50 | 25.97 | NA | NA | NA | NA | Yes |
| Richardson | 1994 | 1 | 1 | pain management course | NRS (0-100) | 67.44 | 18.8 | NA | NA | 64.53 | 21.86 | 67.20 | 19.46 | 63.67 | 22.06 | Yes |
| Abbasi | 2012 | 2 | 2 | Patient-oriented multidisciplinary pain management program | VAS (0-10) | 4.60 | 2 | 2.60 | 2.00 | 3.70 | 2.50 | NA | NA | NA | NA | Yes |
| Cardosa | 2012 | 1 | 1 | MENANG program | NRS (0-10) | 6.71 | 1.64 | 5.59 | 1.75 | 5.20 | 1.29 | 5.22 | 1.35 | NA | NA | Yes |
| Thieme | 2003 | 1 | 1 | Operant pain therapy | MPI: pain severity | 4.43 | 0.98 | 3.82 | 0.96 | 3.66 | 1.22 | 3.18 | 1.27 | NA | NA | Yes |
| Olason | 2004 | 1 | 1 | interdisciplinary pain management program | NRS | 6.43 | NA | 4.72 | NA | 5.37 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | Yes |
| Stein | 2013 | 1 | 1 | Multidisciplinary rehabilitation | NRS (0-10) | 6.71 | 2 | NA | NA | 6.27 | 2.30 | NA | NA | NA | NA | Yes |